My father’s family lived in the Bavarian town of Gunzenhausen since the 14^th century. When my parents had to flee their home in the middle of the night, 83 years ago, it marked the end of six centuries of Hellmann presence in that town. My parents, Richard and Betty Hellmann, often recalled their harrowing experiences on Kristallnacht, November 9, 1938. They never kept it a secret.

My father was born, and lived his entire life, in the house at 13 and 15 Kirchestrasse (Church Street). It was a double lot in Gunzenhausen, a town of about 16,000 people in Mittlefranken, the Middle Franconia region of Bavaria, about 35 miles southwest of Nuremberg. The house was large, built in 1745, and had been purchased by my great-grandfather in 1867 for 7,200 florins. (I do not know how much that is in today’s money.) Several Hellmann families lived in the house but all the other families were gone by 1938.